Are Police Society s New Criminal - 1615 Words

Are police society’s new criminal? To civilians they are in fact the new criminals. Throughout the years society has lost respect for law enforcement. Day after day civilians are dying from the hands of law enforcement, some are justified and some are not. Forcing the people to loose trust in the officers of the law. Minorities in particular fear them and are more likely to die from an encounter with the police. Police officers need to be held accountable for their actions as well as the higher ups. Police brutality isn’t just an issue to minorities it’s society’s problem that needs to be addressed and rectified. Police brutality numbers have risen over the years. In the U.S. alone police have fatally shot more than 575 people who were†¦show more content†¦These facts were reported by the Pew/USA Today poll that were conducted in 2014, from all races collectively. Social scientist who have done extensive research and countless interviews has concl uded that there is a â€Å"deep sense of mistrust† embedded in the communities according to the journalistsresource.org/studies/society/race-society/worldviews-young-black-men-research-chat-sociologist-alford-young-jr. Police have offered and tried to use many efforts to ease these feelings by making promises to the community including strategies such as community policing, community policing is a strategy that basically involves the involvement of citizens. It implements and evaluates law enforcement programs. These strategies are supported by the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, respectively established in 1994 as part of the U.S Department of Justice. These services offer an alternative to the traditional policing strategies by becoming more community involved, in other words they are dedicated to community policing. Although law enforcement in America is still very dangerous work, America has a higher homicide rate compared to countries with similar socio-economic levels. Crime rates in

Disability Affects Devleopment Free Essays

3. 3 – Explain how disability may affect development Children with a disability may be subjected to prejudice or discrimination at school. They may be bullied or ridiculed by other students which will affect their self-confidence and in turn affect their learning capabilities and development. We will write a custom essay sample on Disability Affects Devleopment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Disabilities are categorised in different forms i. e. learning or physical. Learning disabilities which affect development could be. Autism; autism is a developmental disability which affects how a person relates and communicates with other people and the world around them. A child/young person with autism finds it difficult to understand facial expressions or the tone of a voice. They can feel lonely and cut off from society as they avoid social interaction. This could affect their ability to development or interact in social settings or in the classroom. Dyslexia; is a difficulty in learning to read. A child/young person suffering from this may become frustrated and problems could arise at home or in school, behavioural problems could also be seen, as well as the child becoming unmotivated or developing a dislike for school. If dyslexia is undetected then this will affect their development at school and could spoil any chance of achievement. Cerebral palsy; cerebral palsy is a condition which affects the movement, posture and co-ordination of a person. A child/young person with this disability may only be affected physically with this disability while others could be affected by seizures, epilepsy or difficulties with speech and language. The social model of disability. In the 1970’s and 1980’s a civil rights based approach was developed by disabled people. Buildings were built in such a way that there was no access for wheelchairs. Information was produced in a way that disabled people could not use. Attitudes and stereotypes about a disabled person prohibited a disabled person from having the same opportunities as an able bodied person. Special services were created that kept disabled people segregated and cut off from everybody. The medical model of disability. Under this model a disabled person was defined by their illness or medical condition. If they did not fit into society then they were institutionalised or kept isolated at home. A disabled person had no options over: What school they attended, what support they received, If they were allowed to work and where they could work. Overall in the last fifty years there has been a huge step in thinking when it comes to the care and education of disabled children and young people. in the past the social and medical mode of disability meant that opportunities for learning and developing were denied for those with disabilities. However, today there is a different approach and majority of settings look for ways of increasing learning and development for disabled children and young people. How to cite Disability Affects Devleopment, Papers

Project Methodology and Project Life Cycle

Question: Discuss about the Project Methodology and Project Life Cycle. Answer: Introduction: This report states about the project methodology, role of project methodology, project life cycle, difference and similarities between the PMBOK and PRINCE2. Apart from this, it states that how project methodologies work in at different phases of project life cycle. Introduction to Methodology: Methodology is a systematic process and set of methods that provides idea about how to deliver projects. Along with this, it helps in identifying that what you need to do and how you can manage projects from start to end (Haugan, 2011). Apart from this, it describes the all the steps of project life cycle, which helps in identifying that how and when tasks will be completed. Role of methodology in Project management: Methodology provides a framework to project for the implementing the activities and study. This framework helps management in completing the tasks that required for the facing problem and efficiently completion of project. Along with this, methodology guides in project completion. Apart from this, methodology helps project management in defining the scope of project, time span, and the resources required (Maley, 2012). Methodologies help project management in measuring what task and activity need to be managed and when to maximize the use of resources. Moreover, it minimizes the risks and issues of projects. Project methodology cycle: Every project passes some phase through its life. Therefore, managers need to know about these phases such as are as define, plan, launch, manage, and close (Kounina et al, 2013). Project methodology cycle phases are as follow: Define phase: This phase defines the objective of this project as well as the need of this project (Joslin and Muller 2015). Along with this, feasibility study of the projects is conducted at this phase, which provides the information that the projects are suitable or not. Plan phase: This phase is important as it provide the answer of what, how, when, and where is to do. It determine the activities and tasks, budget for project, process, resources, location, and the starting and ending time for project (Nicholas, 2012). Launch phase: At this phase, the planned activities and tasks are implemented to achieve the objective and goals of the company (Marchewka, 2014). Here, the project is implemented in decided format and according to plan predefined. Manage phase: At this phase, the actual performance of the project is compared with the benchmark decided to determine the deviation. If any deviation is found out then corrective action is taken to get the project on right track (Burnett, 2012). Therefore, prototype, reviews and testing techniques used at this stage. Close phase: At this phase, it is ensured that the project is completed successfully. Apart from this, after ensuring proper documentation of project is prepared for future used and the project is terminated (Joslin and Muller 2015). This documentation may helps in completion of similar projects in future. PMBOK and PRINCE2 Similarities in PMBOK and PRINCE2 methodologies: PMBOK and PRINCE2 is the complementary of each other to implements projects successfully. Both the methodologies are used in the project completion and work simultaneously from starting to end of the project. Along with this, both the methodologies provide international approach, which helps in implementing projects successfully (Lientz, 2012). PMBOK and PRINCE2 methodology describes the set of best practices to fulfill the organizational needs. Differences between PMBOK and PRINCE2 methodologies: Project management body of knowledge (PMBOK) is a book, which includes the different standard terminology and it is a knowledge-based approach. It describes the range of techniques and core practices to manage projects effectively (Roudias, 2015). PRINCE2 methodology is a process-based approach, which defines what, when and how work must be done (Epstein, 2013). Along with this, PRINCE2 method defines the role and responsibility of every one, which are involved in project management team. But PMBOK focus on the role of project manager only. PMBOK method provides an idea and knowledge about project. Along with this, PRINCE2 methodology provides a process about project initiation that what, why, when and how projects must be done. In the planning phase, PMBOK describes the core practices and different techniques for the completion of projects and defines the role and responsibility of the project manager. In this phase, both the methodology measures the risk of projects and provides the suggestions. Along with this, in this phase, PRINCE2 Methodology defines the role and responsibilities of every member, which is involved in project management team (Happy, 2010). At launch phase PMBOK give the knowledge and guide in the project completion while PRINCE2 provide the format and sequence of activities to be performed. Moreover, in manage and control phase both the methods measures that tasks is being done or not according to predetermined framework. Eventually, at closing phase, PMBOK and PRINCE2 ensure that the project is co mpleted according to predetermined framework and guidelines (Khouri, 2015). Therefore, both methodology works simultaneously in the project execution. Conclusion: From above report, it can be summarized that the research methodology plays a vital role in the project completion. It helps the project manager at each stage of project life cycle in completing the project successfully. Along with this, different methodology has specific use in the project completion. References: Burnett, K. (2012). The Project Management Paradigm. Germany: Springer Science Business Media. Epstein, D. and Maltzman, R. (2013). Project Workflow Management: A Business Process Approach. US: J. Ross Publishing. Happy, R. (2010). Project 2010 Project Management: Real World Skills for Certification and Beyond (Exam 70-178). US: John Wiley Sons. Haugan, G. T. (2011). Project Management Fundamentals: Key Concepts and Methodology, Second Edition. USA: Management Concepts Inc. Joslin, R. and Mller, R. (2015). Relationships between a project management methodology and project success in different project governance contexts. International Journal of Project Management,33(6), 1377-1392. Khouri, A. A. (2015). Program Management of Technology Endeavours: Lateral Thinking in Large Scale Government Program Management. New York: Springer. Kounina, A., Margni, M., Bayart, J. B., Boulay, A. M., Berger, M., Bulle, C. and Nunez, M. (2013). Review of methods addressing freshwater use in life cycle inventory and impact assessment.The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,18(3), 707-721. Lientz, B. P. (2012). Project Management: A Problem-Based Approach. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. Maley, C. H. (2012). Project Management Concepts, Methods, and Techniques. US: CRC Press. Marchewka, J. T. (2014). Information Technology Project Management. US: John Wiley Sons. Nicholas, J. M. and Steyn, H. (2012). Project Management for Engineering, Business, and Technology. UK: Routledge. Roudias, J. (2015). Mastering Principles and Practices in PMBOK, Prince 2, and Scrum: Using Essential Project Management Methods to Deliver Effective and Efficient Projects. US: FT Press. Wysocki, R. K. (2013). Effective Project Management: Traditional, Agile, Extreme. US: John Wiley Sons.

Progress of Human Development in India free essay sample

Therefore, large –scale investments in human resources are needed under public sector if physical capital available is to be exploited in a more efficient way. Human development index of India has improved from 0. 515 in 1990 to 0. 611 in 2004, but India still has miles to go before she can enter the group of high human development countries. The process of development has to accelerate the pace of human development. In this paper an attempt is made to highlight some of the factors which promotes human development. 1. INTRODUCTION Human development report 1990, has defined human development ‘as the process of enlarging people’s choices’. The most critical ones are to lead a long and healthy life, to be educated and to enjoy a decent standard of living. Additional choices include political freedom, other guaranteed human rights and various ingredients of self respect. Human development is thus a process of widening people’s choices as well as raising the level of well-being achieved (UNDP 1997). We will write a custom essay sample on Progress of Human Development in India or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The concept of human development puts people back at center stage, after decades in which a maze of technical concepts had obscured this fundamental vision (Paul Streeten 1996). â€Å"Income clearly is only one option that people would like to have, though an important one. But it is not the sum total of their lives. Income is also a means, with human development the end (UNDP 1997). Economic growth contributes most to poverty reduction when it expands the employment, productivity and wages of poor people and when public resources are channeled to promoting human development. A virtuous cycle of economic growth and human development arises when growth is labour using and employment generating and when human skills and health improve rapidly. The defining difference between the economic growth and the human develop- ment schools is that the first focuses exclusively on the expansion of only one choice – income – while the second embraces the enlargement of all human choices- whether economic, social, cultural or political (Mahbub-ul-Haq 1996). Haq rightly warns† unless societies recognize that their real wealth is their people, an excessive obsession with creating material wealth can obscure the goal of enriching human life. † The world Bank (IBRD 2006) is used GNI per capita to classify the economies by income per capita and by region: Low- income $ 825 or less in 2004: middle income, $ 826 to $ 10, 665; and high income, $ 10, 066 and above. A further division at GNI per capita $ 3, 255 is made between lowerTable 1: GNP per capit a and PPP estimates of GNP per capita in U. S dollars (2004) (in U. S $) Country Norway Switzerland United states United kingdom Australia China Srilanka India Bangladesh Kenya Niger GNP per capita 52030 48230 41400 33940 26900 1290 1010 620 440 460 230 PPP estimates of GNP per capita 38550 35370 39710 31460 29200 5530 4000 3100 1980 1050 830 Source: World Bank, World Development Report 2006. 14 middle – income and upper- middle – income economies. It Can be concluded from the table 1 that while GNP per capita in India was only $ 620 in 2004 as against $ 41,400 in USA, the PPP estimate of GNP per capita in India was $ 3100 against $ 39710 in USA (which is the standard for comparison) in 004. If we use PPP estimates of GNP per capita, we find that income inequalities between the High, middle and lower income economies are some what lower than those we observe on the basis of exchange rates as conversion factors. Human development report states (UNDP 2006) that millions of the world’s people lack access to safe water not because of scarcity, but because they are locked out by poverty, inequality and government failures. Tackling these problems holds the key to resolving the global water crisis. Safe water and sanitation are fundamental to human development. When people are deprived in these areas they face diminished opportunities to realize their potential as human beings. Unsafe water and inadequate sanitation are two of the great drivers of world poverty and inequality. They claim millions of lives, destroy livelihoods, compromise dignity and diminish prospects for economic growth. Poor people especially poor women and children, bear the brunt of the human costs. At the start of the 21st century we live in a world of unparalleled prosperity. Yet almost 2 million children die each year for want of clean water and toilet. More than 1 billion people do not have access to safe water and some 2. 6 billion lack adequate sanitation. Mean while, inadequate access to water as a productive resource consigns millions to lives of poverty and vulnerability. The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Various human development indices of UNDP and HDI and its trends for selected countries have been discussed in Section ii. Comparison of human development indices for some selected countries and HDI trends among selected states are discussed in Section iii. The progress of human development in India is discussed in Section iv. Section v presents concluding observations. II. HUMAN DEVELOPMENT The search for an alternative to GNP as a measure of economic development has led to the T. KOTI REDDY computation of the Human Development Index (HDI). The United Nations development programme (UNDP) introduced the HD1 in its first Human development report prepared under the able stewardship of Mahbub ul Haq, and published in 1990. The measure has been enlarged and refined over the years and many related indices of human development like Gender- Related development Index (GDI), Gender empowerment measure (GEM) Human poverty index (HPI) have been developed in subsequent human development reports published annually by UNDP. Human Development Index (HDI) The HDI is a summary measure of human development. It measures the average achievements in a country in three basic dimensions of human development (UNDP 2006). A long and healthy life as measured by life expectancy at birth  · Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate (with two – thirds weight) and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio (with one- third weight)  · A decent standard of living as measured by GDP per capita in purchasing power parity terms (ppp) in US dollars. Gender – Related Development Index (GDI) While the HDI measures average achievement, the GDI adjusts the average achievement to reflect the inequalities between men and women in the following dimensions (UNDP 2006)  · A long and healthy life, as measured by life expectancy at birth. Knowledge, as measured by the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrolment ratio.  · A decent standard of living as measured by estimated earned income (PPP US $) Human Poverty Index for Developing Countries (Hpi-1) While the HDI measures average achievement, the HPI-1 measures deprivations in the three basic dimensions of human development captured in the HDI (UNDP 2006)  · A long and healthy life- vulnerability to death at a relatively early age, as measured by the probability at birth of not surviving to age 40. PROGRESS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA 15 development report 2006 calculated the index. India which was at No. 138 in HDI in 1994 has improved its position to 126 in 2004 (Table 2). It is observed that the HDI trends for selected countries over the last 15 years (1990 – 2004) reveals that all countries are making efforts in varying degrees to improve their human development indices. If the trend is maintained, several medium HDI countries will enter the high HDI group and several low HDI countries will join the medium HDI range. This is a welcome development. India has improved its HDI index value from 0. 510 in 1990 to 0. 611 in 2004 (Table 3). It is observed that near gender equality exists in Norway, Iceland, Australia, United States, New Zealand, Russian Federation, China and Sri Lanka. There is a greater awareness in the world about gender inequality and efforts are being made to reduce gender inequality by promoting the education of females and giving them a better status in the family (Table 4). It is observed from the table 5 that HDI varies between 0. 38 for Kerala and 0. 367 for Bihar in 2001 while Kerala can be ranked as a medium HDI state; Bihar presents a dismal value of HDI even  · Knowledge – exclusion from the world of reading and communications as measured by the adult literacy rate.  · A decent standard of living – lack of access to overall economic provisioning, as measured by the unweighted average of two indicators, the percentage of the population without sustainable a ccess to an improved water source and the percentage of children under weight for age.

Engineering in the World between 1000-1500 essays

Engineering in the World between 1000-1500 essays The castle is a unique phenomenon. Most buildings are created to fulfill a single, specific purpose like a church, a house, a factory, a school, etc. A castle could be a military base, a seat of government, a court, and a stronghold for the surrounding region. Castles have fascinated generations of people even after they outlived their usefulness. Their remains still put people in awe today. The design of medieval castles in England changed during 1000-1500 as the castle developed into the most important defense asset in war and politics only to become outdated. Castles were the product of that period of history termed the Middle Ages. Feudalism is the name applied to the military society which was created in Europe during the 9th and 10th centuries AD and reached its most developed form in Normandy in the 11th century. Feudal society resembled a pyramid. At its apex was the king who owned all the land in his kingdom (Platt 2). Immediately below the king was a group of major landholders who held their land directly from him, his tenants-in-chief. These were the great lords and magnates of the kingdom. In return for their land, they swore to give the king military service; that is, they and their retainers would fight for the king whenever and wherever he chose. The tenants-in-chief let out land to their tenants, the lesser barons and lords, on the same terms. This process was repeated all the way down the pyramid to the knight who was the local lord of the manor. The amount of land a man held was directly proportional to the amount of military service he could render (Platt 1). A knight might only be liable to appear at the muster with a horse, his weapons, a suit of chain mail and one or two servants as men-at-arms. A tenant-in-chief would be expected to provide scores of knights and several hundred men-at-arms. This decentralization of land-holding and power required that each landholder provide himself with a base from...

The Age of the Ocean Floor

The Age of the Ocean Floor The youngest crust of the ocean floor can be found near the seafloor spreading centers or mid-ocean ridges. As the plates split apart, magma rises from below the Earths surface to fill in the empty void. The magma hardens and crystallizes as it latches onto the moving plate and continues to cool over millions of years as it moves farther away from the divergent boundary. Like any rock, the plates of basaltic composition become less thick and denser as they cool. When an old, cold and dense oceanic plate comes into contact with a thick, buoyant continental crust or younger (and thus warmer and thicker) oceanic crust, it will always subduct.  In essence, oceanic plates are more susceptible to subduction as they get older.   Because of this correlation between age and subduction potential, very little ocean floor is older than 125 million years and almost none of it is older than 200 million years. Therefore, seafloor dating isnt that useful for studying plate motions beyond the Cretaceous. For that, geologists date and study continental crust.  Ã‚   The lone outlier (the bright splash of purple that you see north of Africa) to all of this is the Mediterranean Sea. It is the lasting remnant of an ancient ocean, the Tethys, that is shrinking as Africa and Europe collide in the Alpide  orogeny. At 280 million years, it still pales in comparison to the four-billion-year-old rock that can be found on the continental crust.   A History of Ocean Floor Mapping and Dating The ocean floor is a mysterious place that marine geologists and oceanographers have struggled to fully grasp. In fact, scientists have mapped more of the surface of the Moon, Mars, and Venus than the surface of our ocean. (You may have heard this fact before, and while true, there is a logical explanation as to why.)   Seafloor mapping, in its earliest, most primitive form, consisted of lowering weighted lines and measuring how far the sunk. This was done mostly to determine near-shore hazards for navigation. The development of sonar in the early 20th century allowed scientists to get a clearer picture of seafloor topography.  It didnt provide dates or chemical analyses of the ocean floor, but it did uncover long oceanic ridges, steep canyons and many other landforms that are indicators of plate tectonics.   The seafloor was mapped by shipborne magnetometers in the 1950s and produced puzzling results - sequential zones of normal and reverse magnetic polarity  spreading out from the oceanic ridges. Later theories showed that  this was due to the reversing nature of Earths magnetic field. Every so often (it has occurred over 170 times over the past 100 million years), the poles will suddenly switch.  As the magma and lava cool at seafloor spreading centers, whatever magnetic field is present get ingrained into the rock. The ocean plates spread and grow in opposite directions, so rocks that are equidistance from the center have the same magnetic polarity and age. That is, until they get subducted and recycled under less-dense oceanic or continental crust.   Deep ocean drilling and radiometric dating in the late 1960s gave an accurate stratigraphy and precise date of the ocean floor. From studying the oxygen isotopes of the shells of microfossils in these cores, scientists were able to begin studying the Earths past climates in a study known as paleoclimatology.

Marketing Experiential Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Experiential Exercise - Essay Example Looking at some important insights on how a number of university students decide on their actual purchase of backpacks? As far as modern backpack’s fashion style, convenience and capacity are concerned, there are a lot of stories to tell. Here’s a quite interesting point of view from one of the respondents. â€Å"I prefer a backpack that will make me feel good, aside from the great consideration of its capacity†. There’s no doubt why this respondent rated the three given criteria with five points. â€Å"It feels good when you carry at your back, not just convenience and satisfaction, but a remarkable sense of touch of fashion in it, for fashion is the common trend today, starting from your hairstyle and down to anything else†, she added in a comment. On average, fashion and convenience came on top, followed by capacity as consideration of the respondents prior to the actual purchase of their backpacks. The other respondent stated, â€Å"I think if I am convenient with my backpack, it follows that at some point, it addressed the consideration of its capacity.† The said respondent added, â€Å"In as much as possible, I just want to carry something at my back at a considerable weight, but just enough to satisfy me by giving me a brief space that is required for my belongings.† The survey was conducted at one of the renowned university in town, where there are many university students who gladly have chosen backpacks for daily use in school. Systematic purposive random sampling was employed so as to randomly choose the respondents who are using backpacks, but without considerable bias because everybody in the target population has equal chance of being chosen. The data collection was made possible by employing personal and laddering interviews. Below is the actual analysis based on the respondents’ responses concerning the backpacks in terms of fashion style, convenience and

Business strategy report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Business strategy report - Essay Example This research report tends to demonstrate an in-depth analysis regarding the strategic approaches of RBS Group through critically assessing its range of banking and financial tactics. Moreover, the discussion of this report also incorporates strategy development process by recommending most effective business plans for RBS Group. In order to successfully apply the proposed business strategies, the study have also recommended effective implementation plan that would empower the competitive position of RBS Group and maintain its long-term sustainability in the fiercely growing global banking and financial services industry. Table of Contents 1. Introduction and Paper Objectives 4 2. Strategic Analysis 4 2.1 Industry Analysis 4 2.2 Profile of the Company 5 2.3 Stated Organisational Purpose 6 2.4 External and Internal Analysis 6 3. Strategy Development 7 3.1 Evaluation of RBS Group’s Strategy using Strategy Toolbox 7 3.1.1 External or Environment-Based Strategy 8 3.1.2 Resource ba sed Strategy 9 Strategic Business Units (SBUs) of RBS Group 10 3.2 Propose Strategies for the Next 5 Years at Corporate, Business Stream & Operational Levels: 10 3.2.1 Use of Strategic ‘Toolbox’ Widely 11 3.2.2 Identification of Strategic Options at the Business Stream/SBU Level 12 3.2.3 Using of Portfolio Methodologies for Evaluate and Rank SBU Level Strategies 15 3.2.4 Important Operational Level Strategies Critical to Successful Implementation 16 4. Strategy Implementation 17 4.1 Outline of the Plans for Implementing Strategies 18 4.2 Structuring Major Activities that are Needed in Strategy Impelmentation 19 5. Conclusion 21 References 23 1. Introduction and Paper Objectives Strategic decisions have long been identified to provide an extensive support to contemporary organisations in attaining goals and predetermined business objectives (Teece, 2010). Emphasising this concept, a strategic analysis of RBS with respect to its continuous accomplishment of goals and obje ctives encompassing different business units and branches across the globe, will be undertaken in this report. Moreover, the discussion would assist in developing adequate insights regarding the strategy development process of RBS and the competencies of the applied process to ensure that the organisation is able to cope with the growing competition in the banking and financial industry. The report would finally summarise with the discussion through appropriate theoretical evaluations and explanations in line with the strategic direction and strategic development process implemented by RBS. 2. Strategic Analysis 2.1 Industry Analysis In the past few years the banking and financial business industry had to experience radical oscillations due to the increasing challenges and hurdles. The industry had faced traumatic challenges due to the demise of few major investments and financial services providers from different regions across the globe (Deloitte Center for Financial Services, 201 3). Moreover, the changing trends in the financial markets and continuous investments associated with the strategic decisions have also been witnessed to significantly influence the organisational operations in the respective business industry (Pennington & Thornton, 2010). However, the long-term structural process of the emerging markets can be considered to provide adequate support to the banking and financial business industry to effectively deal with the devastating investment and financial markets (Deloitte Development LLC, 2006). Moreover, the banking

Gender Identity Paper Essay Example for Free

Gender Identity Paper Essay The determination of gender identity is much deeper than whether a person is born a male or a female. The exact identifier that separates gender identity is currently unknown but researchers believe that genetics, hormones, reproductive organs, biological, and environmental factors all play a role in distinguishing a person’s gender identity. A person’s physical gender and their sense of gender are formed at two different times in two different parts of the body. A person’s gender is whether they are born male or female, but the way they identify themselves may be the opposite, which is not uncommon and has occurred since the beginning of time. In culture males are known to be the stronger, more aggressive sex, while females are the fairer, more nurturing sex. Usually, by the age of four, individuals have identified their gender identities aside from what gender they were born as physically. Throughout this paper, I will discuss the biological factors of gender identity (nature), environmental factors (nurture), and the role between hormones and behavior, and how these interactions all affect the determination of one’s gender identity. Gender identification begins to develop while the fetus is in the beginning stages of development. Between weeks six and twelve of gestation is when the fetus begins developing reproductive organs and that is when the fetus takes on the role of male or female. Hormones are produced in both the nervous system and the endocrine system and are transported through the blood stream. Specifically, hormones are chemicals that combine and respond to certain cell receptors. Hormones like testosterone and androgen are mainly found in the male gender while estrogen is mainly found in the female gender. Testosterone is a contributing factor to behaviors like aggression. â€Å"Gender identity, an individual’s self-awareness of maleness or femaleness, and gender role, are programmed for the child within his mother’s womb,† (Institute of Medicine, 2006). Evidence has shown that the female gender is likely to excel in verbal skills and muscular coordination when their production of estrogen is high rather than when it is low. For men, they are stronger and more aggressive when their testosterone levels are high and they are able to perform better in actions that require physical performance. The nature side of the theory relies on prenatal hormones that modify the brain and peripheral tissue and the development of male or female external genitalia. Although a person may have a certain physical gender, their gender role is the adoption of masculine or feminine behavioral traits that are appropriate for that specific sex. Gender identity differs from the gender role because it is an individual’s personal sense of sex, which is not necessarily their physical gender. There are multiple stages from childhood to adulthood when hormones are present that are identifiable of a specific gender. The pituitary gland (or hypophysis) secretes many hormones during puberty including adrenocorticotropic hormones, growth hormones, gonadotrophins, prolactin, and thyroid stimulating hormones. Gonadotrophins, which include luteinizing and follicle stimulating hormones, stimulate sex hormone production in the ovaries or testes and also lead to egg and sperm maturity. Prolactin stimulates milk production and adrenocorticotropic hormones stimulate the adrenal glands to secrete steroid hormones like cortisol. All of these hormones play a major role in sexual development and an individual’s determination of gender identity. Environmental factors of gender identity arise as soon as the individual is born. Everything from a female child wearing a pink dress to a male child having a sports themed blanket can play a role in their gender identity. Sociologists believe that by the age of five years old, females show a preference for dolls, arts and crafts, and playing dress up while males prefer cars, blocks, tools, and outdoor play. â€Å"The environment has a direct relation to personality traits, because characteristic adaptations are always involved in expression,† (Nature over Nurture, 2000). At a young age, children who are taught that traits and activities are appropriate or inappropriate for them to perform because of their gender tend to absorb those teachings and are influenced by them later in life. For example, young girls who are raised believing boys are innately better at sports than girls, may disclaim their interest in sports and go on to believe they are not good at them without pract icing them to their full potential. Both males and females have proven to be great athletes but if at a young age, a girl is told she will never be as good as a boy she may never give sports and athleticism a chance. Young children learn by observations, if a young girl witnesses her mother performing the acts of a man then she will repeat those acts and believe that is what is appropriate for her. The same goes for the male gender, if a little boy observes his father doing something that a woman is more likely to do like sewing or interior decorating then that is what the little boy will believe is expected of him upon adulthood. â€Å"For instance, the way in which one educates children, how children in institutions such as orphanages are raised, and the kinds of day-care are considered optimal have all been influenced by one’s understanding of the interaction of biology and environment regarding gender identity,† (Kowalski Westen, 2005). The previous statement is very true because children observe many things that one may never think would make any difference but in reality they do. Nature factors include everything from what kind of parents raise the child, what roles they perform, the culture, and even the color of paint on the child’s walls all make a difference in the child’s personal gender identity. I believe that between nature and nurture and their influence on gender identity, nature has a greater influence. For example, if a perfectly healthy little girl with no hormone disorders is raised with a single father and only brothers with no immediate influence of females, she is more likely to become a tomboy and take on the gender identity that resembles that of her father’s or brothers’. The same reference goes for a boy raised with a single mother and only sisters with no immediate influence of a male figure in his life. Matthew Wolfe-Meyer makes a valid point when saying, â€Å"nature and its contestation is a dominant strategy†¦ unfortunately nurture fails to receive similar scrutiny and culture is more often used as an explanatory device than deeply interrogated for its logistics.† Often times when a child is going through puberty and takes on the role of the opposite gender, many people jump to the hypothesis that there may be something wrong with their hormones or a chemical imbalance but before jumping to that conclusion, they should look at their home life, how was the child raised, what was their environment like and from there they will find many answers. All children naturally comply with the demands of their internal sense of gender without effort. If the child becomes confused with their gender then they often refer to behaviors of adults near them and they learn what actions are appropriate for them relatively quick. Environmental factors bear a critical amount of effectiveness in gender identity but because environmental factors are ever changing, it proves that the nurture theory is a substantial factor. Currently, psychologists and researchers do not know the exact causes of gender identity and individuals taking on the opposite roles. But there are many factors that support both sides of the nature versus nurture argument. The male and female genders each have differences in many areas both physical and emotional but neither is â€Å"better† than the other. By the age of four years old each child already has an idea of who they are and what gender they belong to. Gender confusion is normal but most children are able to look at parents or acting influences in their lives and see what the appropriate actions are for their gender. Nature versus nurture has and will continue to be a strong argument. References: McCrae, R. R., Costa, P. r., Ostendorf, F., Angleitner, A., HÃ…â„¢ebà ­Ã„ kovà ¡, M., Avia, M. D., Smith, P. B. (2000). Nature over nurture: Temperament, personality, and life span development. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 78(1), 173-186. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.78.1.173 Matthew Wolf-Meyer. (2007). Complexities: Beyond nature and nurture. Anthropologica, 49(2), 325-327. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/214174663?accountid=35812 Money, J. (1971). Differentiation of gender identity and gender role. Psychiatric Annals, 1(4), 32-37,42-43,8-9. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/894195162?accountid=35812 (2006). Institute of medicine (us) committee on assessing interactions among social, behavioral, and genetic factors in health. Washington DC: National Academies Press (US). Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19934/

Mastering The Short Story :: essays research papers

Mastering The Short Story Although I perceive Paul Darcy Boles to be an uppity, egotistic, and somewhat euphorically rambling old man from his style of writing, there is some beneficial information for someone wishing to create a commercially viable short story. However, I feel that creating a story with the goal of marketability is a grave mistake that ruins countless numbers of otherwise perfectly enjoyable works of literature. It is no surprise that this style of writing is being taught to the new generation, which promises to be far more creative than it's predecessors. Boles' first advice is to follow Chekhov's observation: "The art of writing is the art of abbreviation." A story of 3000 words or less has no need for excessive 1 paragraph descriptions. "Today's reader" (whoever that is) has no need for the descriptive style found in older works. So much for Alistair MacLeod. A lot of importance is put on not stringing random sentences together. Each sentence should be aimed towards a specific goal. The sum total of these sentences is your story. Boles' views a sentence as a factor in a mathematical equation. He also gets almost romantic about the sentence as a living, sentient being. Once you shovel the pop-lit drivel where it belongs, you are free to apply his suggestions to your own work. It is a good idea to check your story for too much obvious meaning. Not only will this make the story shorter and clearer, the hidden meanings imbedded in the story will have a chance to be probed and discovered. As well, avoid "signpost" sentences that could easily be replaced by more legitimate conversations or actions. A lot of emphasis is put on simulating a sense of "in-ness"; that is, giving your work a believable lived in feeling. When reading the story, one should have a clear picture of the environment around it's characters, and it is of imperial importance that it is realistic. In conclusion, Boles discusses the important of a strong beginning and

Sample-Formal-Lab Report

TENS 2146 Electric Devices and Measurements Lab 3 Current and Voltage This report was prepared by: L. Wall Fall 2009 Prof. R. Alba-Flores Team Members: J. White, L. Wall Conducted on: September 17, 2009 Submitted on : September 24, 2009 Abstract: In this lab students experimented with light emitting diodes. The student built a basic circuit with two LED's and resistors in parallel. The results showed that the voltage is the same in parallel. The items that were in series had the same current.The results also showed that the current from each branch could be summed up to equal the total current from the source. The experiment also helped the student to see the voltage drop across the diode was almost the same each time. This lab showed the effects of current and voltage in a parallel circuit. This experiment also showed how the brightness was effected by changing the voltage. Equipment and materials: †¢ Multimeter †¢ Power Supply †¢ Connecting wires †¢ A bread boar d †¢ A 330 ohm resistor †¢ A l k ohm resistor †¢ 2 Red LED's Theory: A light-emitting diode (LED), is an electronic light source.The first LED was built in the 1925 by Oleg Vladimirovich Losev, a radio technician who noticed that diodes used in radio receivers emitted light when current was passed through them. The LED was introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with very high brightness. [1] Figure 1. Basics Physics principle of an LED LED's are semiconductors. They will only work if placed in the correct direction.Placing the LED in the improper direction could potentially damage it. The LED could also be damaged if it was not installed with the use of a resistor. They can not be connected directly to a power source. The anode is the positive end and the cathode is the negative end. LEDs are beneficial because th ey do not require much voltage to be illuminated. The LEDs are great for conservation of energy . When we subtract the LED voltage from the supply voltage it gives you the voltage that must be dropped by the dropping resistor. A decrease in voltage will result in a decrease of the brightness of the bulb [1].Figure 2 shows the electrical symbol and the actual shape of an LED. Figure 2. Electrical symbol and the actual shape of an LED Ohms law is used to be able to calculate the current and the resistance across each of the elements in the circuit. To analyze the circuit It must be known that the voltage is the same in a parallel circuit. The current is the same in a series. The current through each branch can be added up in order to determine the current from the source. From Kirchhoff's loop law it can be determined that the sum of all of the voltage drops around a closed loop must sum to equal zero.The objective of this lab was for the student to use their knowledge of items such a s LED's, series and parallel circuit configurations, Kirchhoff's laws, and Ohm's law in order to properly analyze and solve problems with given circuit. [1] Light Emitting Diodes, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Light-emitting_diode Procedure: First thing we did in the lab was to create the circuit. We created the circuit by using resistors with values of Rl = 330 ohms and R2 = l k ohms and also by placing the LEDs after the Resistors so there would be no damage done to the LEDs.This s shown in figure 3. The voltage supply was set at 8 Volts and then we tested the values for voltage and current. To measure voltage the meter has to be in Parallel with the circuit. Current is measured by placing the Multimeter in series with the circuit. In preparation for the experiment we built the circuit (shown below) using Multisim. We used simulations to get all the required measurements and used Ohm's Law (E=I*R) to solve for the rest. In the lab we set up the same circuit by connecting the resi stors and the LED's in a parallel circuit to the power supply.Most of the connections were done using the breadboard. We measured current by placing the Multimeter in series with the entire circuit. We set the Multimeter to measure amperes and turned the power on. We continued this using the 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts (adjusted on the power supply) while noting the brightness of the LED's and writing down the value given by the Multimeter. We then connected the Multimeter in parallel with each resistor and LED's to measure voltage. We set the multimeter to volts then cycled through 8, 6, 4, and 2 volts on the power supply and noted the reading for each connection.We then used Ohm's Law to calculate the current through as well as the resistance for each LED. We also calculated the entire current to see if it matched what we measured. Figure 3 Circuit built in the lab Sample Calculations: To calculate the current through each resistor-LED branch, Ohm's Law (V = IR) was used. In this Lab the equation used was I Rl = VRl / R 1 Example: IRl = VRl / R1 = 5. 8 V / 3300 ? = 0. 0176 A To calculate the total resistance of each LED, Ohm's Law was used. In this lab the equation RLED = V LED / ILED was used. Example:RLED = V LED / ILED = 2. 18 v /0 . 0175 mA = 124. 57 ? To calculate the total current that the power supply was providing to the two branches, the equation IE = IRl + IR2 was used. In this lab the equation that was given to use was ILEDl = IRl . Example: I LEDl + I LED2 = IE .0175 + . 0058 = . 0233 Simulation Results: Multisim was used to perform the simulations. Figures 4, 5, 6 and 7 shown the results obtained in the simulations. Table 1 summarizes these results. Figure 4. Power supply= 8 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LEDFigure 5 . Power supply= 6 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 6. Power supply= 4 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Figure 7. Powe r supply= 2 volts: Voltages measured across R1 and R2 and currents through each LED Table 1. Comparison of Pre-Lab simulations and actual Lab data Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab.The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Looking at the comparison chart above we can see that the voltage and the total current was close in value when looking at the Pre-Lab and the Actual Lab. The actual Multisim simulation charts are printed and attached to this lab report. Conclusion: In conclusion when simulating the circuit in actuality or in Multisim; the LED voltage, current, and brightness are affected by the decreasing of the voltage supply. By decreasing the voltage supply the brightness of the LEDs also decrease in intensity.When determining the factors that are involved in the brightness of the LED we must look at the circuit and se e if the resistors and the LEDs are connected properly. We must also look at the value of the current passing through the current. To determine the current through the LEDs Ohm's Law was applied. To find the current we must first measure the voltage and the resistance, and then after finding those two values we divide the voltage by the resistance. Which Ohm's Law is I (current) = V (voltage) / R (resistance).After finding the current in the LED it is seen that the current is almost equal to the resistor that is closes to that LED. I am in agreement with the measurement that was taken for the voltage supply of 8 volts, 6 volts, and 4 volts; but I disagree with the values for the voltage supply of 2 volts. The measurement collected in Multisim fo and the actual measurement value more that the other voltage supply ranges. When the LEDs were reversed the resistor and the LED current and their voltages changed to O or ‘r' due to there was zero or no flow of current and voltage.The voltage is what supply energy to the components in the circuit. So decreasing the amount of voltage will decrease the amount of energy current, and the amount of current is what determines the intensity of the LED. The pre-lab seemed to simulate more accurate values than the results of the values in Table 1. Due to the fact that there is more human value in the actual measurements than the simulated ones; plus the actual values have been round and round again. The simulated and actual values are very close in value; but do to human error the values are not and can not be exactly the same.

Afrocentricity, Race, and Reason

Afrocentricity, Race, and Reason: A Response to the Literature Chizi Igwe Introduction to Africana Studies 101, Section 2 Dr. Kalubi May 8, 2010 Afrocentricity, Race, and Reason: A Response to the Literature Background Information The philosophy of Afrocentricity is not a recent development. Its history can be traced to many precursor theories and ideologies. There were many intellectuals who have researched and theorized about Afrocentricity during its development. These intellectuals include names such as Alexander Crummell, Marcus Garvey, Ida B.Wells-Barnett, and Willie Abraham (Asante). Among more contemporary intellectuals, there is Chinwelzu, Wade Nobles, Kariamu Welsh Asante, and Cheikh Anta Diop (Asante). This by no means is not an exhaustive list, but simply a sample of activists/intellectuals who have helped to define the Afrocentric way of thinking. Afrocentricity is an ideology meant to be used as a corrective factor for Africans in Diaspora. It represents the possibility of intellectual maturity, a different way of viewing reality (Asante). This school of thought opens new and original avenues to understanding humans.Through the research on Afrocentricity done by the intellectuals and writers listed above, they hoped it would serve as a vehicle to liberation for Africans. Among them, there was a general consensus that cultural, social, political, and economic liberation desperately needed in the African community would only be realized through the re-centering of the African mind. Though the Afrocentric idea had been an emerging philosophy for some time, Afrocentricity as a literary practice and critical theory was not apparent until the publishing of two central books.These books were Textured Women, Cowrie Shells, Cowbells, and Beetlesticks by Kariamu Welsh in 1978 and Afrocentricity, by Molefi Kete Asante in 1980 (Asante). These works had different inspirations. Welsh’s work was inspired by her choreographic technique called umfundalai wh ile Asante’s work was rooted in his experience with the Los Angeles Forum for Black Artists (Asante). Though these works had different bases, both works were the first intentional acts by authors to explain the theory as well as emphasize liberation.Both works had the purpose of re-establishing African agency as the main core of sanity within the African community. Purpose and Importance One driving objective of the Afrocentric theory was to alter the subject-place of Africans in the social and literary context. In the opinion of Asante, this change was the only option for African people, who were ruled by the constraints of white racial supremacy (Asante). This objective focused around two central questions: 1. How do we see ourselves and how have others seen us? 2.What can we do to regain our own accountability and to move beyond the intellectual plantation that constrains our economic, cultural, and intellectual development? The Afrocentric philosophy sought to answer thes e questions as well as change the position of the African. The Afrocentric idea was characterized by five main characteristics: 1) An intense interest in psychological location as determined by symbols, motifs, rituals, and signs. 2) A commitment to finding the subject-place of Africans in any social, political, economic, or religious phenomenon with implications for questions of sex, gender, and class. ) A defense of African cultural elements as historically valid in the context of art, music, and literature. 4) A celebration of â€Å"centeredness† and agency and a commitment to lexical refinement that eliminates pejoratives about Africans or other people. 5) A powerful imperative from historical sources to revise the collective text of African people. The argument for Afrocentricity certainly has certainly not developed without opposition and critique. These oppositions were not surprising because they came at a time when many concepts were challenging the Eurocentric persp ective.The European’s argument of objectivity issues and subject-object duality come from the alleged supremacy of the European construction in the political world. In The Afrocentric Idea, Asante wrote, â€Å"Objectivity is a sort of collective subjectivity of Europeans. † The driving force behind the claim of objectivity is an attempt to conserve the â€Å"status quo† (Asante). The ancient African Egyptian term called seba means the â€Å"reasoning style of the people (Asante). † The reasoning style of the Europeans was an attempt to keep things as status quo, to â€Å"lock† Africans in their way of thinking.On the surface, this act may not seem detrimental, but the European reasoning just acted as a method to prolong the circumstances Africans found themselves in. It hindered all possibilities of African liberation. Formula for Change Afrocentricity aims to provoke a change; one way to make this change happen was by shifting to a subject-subject relationship as opposed to a subject-object one. If this shift didn’t occur, Africans would always remain in the object place without an opportunity for growth. However, this would not be an easy task in a society so driven by a racist construction of white supremacy over black inferiority.This white-subject black-object paradigm was relevant in different subjects such as sociology, philosophy, and literature. In this way, Europe and Europeans presented a danger for Africans; both a psychological and cultural danger (Asante). This was the type of danger that kills a people’s soul and according to Asante, â€Å"a people’s soul is dead when it can no longer breathe its own air and when the air of another culture seems to smell sweeter (Asante). † In order for this subject-subject shift to occur, African’s place and contributions to history have to be acknowledged.European’s have had a dismissive attitude towards African’s accomplishmen ts and activities. They 1) generally refused to allow the study of any knowledge that they do not control (Asante). 2) A number of white scholars tend to be limited in their interest to subjects that are valuable to the European project of self-glorification and triumphalism (Asante). Finally, to view Africa as a subject in history or as the starting place for an examination of anything is anathema to those who have always ignored the role of Africa (Asante).The Afrocentric school of thought has fought to combat these boundaries by giving the permission to investigate all aspects of Africa’s presence and involvement in the world. To change the â€Å"status quo†, Afrocentricity must serve as both a corrective factor and a critique. Africans throughout the world including the America’s have experienced the sensation of dislocation. Through the act of re-centering the African person and making them an agent, we shed the belief of the unquestioned European dominatio n. In that way, it serves as a corrective factor.Afrocentricity also strives to critique the process and the extent of the dislocation of African peoples that was the result of the domination of the Europeans in all matters. In order to change the circumstances, Afrocentricity calls for the definition of Africans by their own terms, centered on an African ideology as opposed to the European definition and marginalization of Africans in history as well as currently. Response The concept of the European dominated ideology and their concept of objectivity is very apparent to me.Though the article was addressing these concepts from a historical perspective, I believe they are still relevant today. It is evident for example in the teaching of history in schools. Many students are introduced to only a summarized view of black and African history in its relation to the United States and the world as a whole. There is a great emphasis put on the history and accomplishments of Europeans and Americans so therefore it would be easy based on the educational system to assume Africans made no significant contributions.The question that was raised, â€Å"How do we see ourselves and how have other seen us? † is a very important question. Though I believe there has been a change from the past to now, I still believe a major part of how we view ourselves is derived from how Europeans view us. In some ways, they still cultivate our impressions for us. An example would be the music industry. Many music videos and images portrayed about black people display negative images, and many black people in America fall into believing those stereotypes themselves.In my opinion, the Afrocentric ideology, the centeredness on African perspectives, is vital. There will be no complete African â€Å"liberation† until African’s agree on this perspective. Without it, there are many people â€Å"floating†, not knowing where they belong. This phenomenon makes the perpetua tion of European racial supremacy able to continue. The reference to the psychological and cultural danger of Europe resonated with me because it is evident in African culture all over the world.Through the advent of institutions such as slavery, colonization, segregation, etc, Europe and Europeans have had an overly powerful impact in changing and shaping African cultures in a way that distances it from its roots. The five characteristics of Afrocentric idea listed in the article I believe should serve as guidelines of brining the focus back on the African agent. Works Cited Asante, Molefi. â€Å"Afrocentricity, Race, and Reason. † In M. Marable (Ed. ), Dispatches from the Ebony Tower (pp-195-203). New York: Columbia U. P.

How to Write Nursing Case Study

How to Write Nursing Case Study How to Write Nursing Case Study A Nursing case study is among the more complex case study papers to write. This is due to the fact that it is comprised of several sections, each with details needed to convey the information required by doctors and medical personnel for treatment. It is also used as an effective means of communication among the various groups involved, including doctors and nurses as well as other medical staff. Writing a nursing case study necessitates one to follow a given number of steps. The first step entails selecting a particular topic that is based on a real life situation that one is allowed to discuss such an issue following one’s experience or current research. The second step is stating various objectives. For instance, a researcher might choose to indicate what knowledge new learners or nurses will have gained by the end of the study. The nursing case study should include at least four objectives of the study. The third section is the introduction which includes detailed information on a given patient together with the patient’s health problem. In this section, information on the patient is provided, such as the patient’s identity or name, gender, and private information such as age and marital status. This part also contains details concerning the patient’s current health status as well related issues. The patient’s history is a crucial topic of discussion in this section. The fourth step consists of the patient’s background information which allows one to gain a better understanding of the patient’s situation. The fifth step requires the researcher to formulate questions. This step is normally taken in order to analyze what will happen to the patient’s situation after a given period of time. For instance, a nurse may decide to acquire from the patient information concerning previous medical diagnostic results regarding the patient’s present condition. The sixth step towards developing a nursing case study involves providing feedback to the patient. This step helps in creating an awareness of the patient’s progress as well as providing details on whether the stated questions were answered accordingly. The final step is the providing of references used in helping the researcher to obtain more information on the subject matter as needed. If you lack confidence in your own skills to compose a compelling nursing case study, you are welcome to order one from an online-based custom writing company. This will help ensure success in your endeavors with minimum expense to you. Get professional Nursing case study help from academic experts at writing service if you need a custom case study in Nursing.

Qualitative Research- Fieldwork Observation Assignment

Qualitative Research- Fieldwork Observation - Assignment Example These issues can be accessed and evaluated through observation. This is true because most of the traits that determine students’ performance are physically portrayed. Most of these characteristics are associated with the environment which students grow in. For example, literatures have found that students brought up in poor backgrounds perform poorer than those brought up in middle class backgrounds (Billie & Bette & Wolfe, 2006). Specifically, physical characteristics like students behavior and the way they conduct themselves have a lot to say about their academic performance. In the effort to determine this concept, I sought to carryout a research through observation from a public school in a poor background setting. The aim of this research was to find out how the students conduct themselves and if their behavior conducts have any relationship with their academic performance. In learning theories, main focus is on behavioral psychology. For children to be able to learn and remember new things, some things are considered to take place in the learning process. According to Billie & Bette & Wolfe, (2006), some of these things are explained by behavioral and constructivism theories which focus their attentions on acquired factors that help the learner acquire knowledge. Burkhardt, (2004) asserted that students’ achievement is influenced by environmental factors such as cultural, ethnic, and socioeconomic factors. These factors are said to shape students behavior, which have adverse, effects on their academic performance. According to Burkhardt, (2004), students who come from poor back grounds have been found to perform poorly in their academic works. In some instances, living conditions are extremely harsh that the students have to attend school with empty stomachs. Field-notes My field-work started early in the morning at 7: am. I purposely decided to start my research at this hour in order to gather information on the arrival of students from the ir homes since this was a day school. Students started arriving some minutes after 7: am. There was only one teacher who had arrived by then. I later came to realize that he was the teacher on duty that day. He mobilized students in cleaning their classrooms and the compound. Most students were seen to be sluggish in responding to the teacher’s instruction. For example, when they were told to clean their classes, most of them hid themselves behind the classes. The teacher was forced to come after them with a cane. When the bell for the assembly was rung, some students were still arriving from their homes. In the effort to capture them for punishment, the teacher had difficult times as the students ran away while others hid themselves. In fact, some of those that were caught and given some punishment to do, they retorted to the teacher. When the lessons started, I visited one of the classes where I observed various occurrences. Some minutes before the teacher entered the class room, most of the students seemed not to be settled. They were discussing the previous night’s happenings. Some were chatting and gossiping. However, a few were seen to be preparing themselves for the lesson before the teacher entered. When the lesson started, some students were lying on their desks while others were busy chatting. In fact, remarkably few students concentrated on what the teacher was teaching. This was evident when the teacher asked questions related to what he taught. The students gave irrelevant answers while other said

See word Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

See word - Essay Example Because Oprah attached her name to that project and was a highly visible face for it, some people may link the abuse to Oprah and subsequently to Harpo as a company. While the scandal passed without much damage to Oprah and her brand, it shows what could happen if a company is more famous for its powerful leader than its brand image. 2. How might Winfrey go about ensuring that Harpo survives after her departure or in the event of a loss of faith on the part of the public? Is it possible to have a true leadership succession plan in these circumstances? Winfrey can help to ensure the future success of Harpo by making both short-term and long-term plans as to the future direction of the company. This can include the issue of leadership. Potential leaders should be identified and receive training to be able to enhance their skills. Ideally, these future leaders can receive some smaller tasks to get used to how the organization functions, and over time they can be given more responsibility. At the same time, Winfrey should be decreasing her role in the organization slowly so that she can guide the future leaders before she leaves the company. If Winfrey leaves the succession plan too long, then she may be forced to leave suddenly, which would require someone else to step up to the plate. That person would likely be overwhelmed at first and the company would suffer as a result. It is possible to have a true leadership succession plan, and it is wise for powerful leaders to create one. Harpo needs to include Winfrey in this process so t hat she can impart her wisdom and knowledge to the next leader, whoever that may be. In terms of influencing the employees around her, Oprah needs to be careful not to dismiss the concerns of others. Just because she holds most of the power within the company, it does not mean that she should not be receptive to new ideas. Employees may be in awe of Oprah due to her accomplishments and

Compare and Contrast Dependency Theory and Neoliberalism Essay

Compare and Contrast Dependency Theory and Neoliberalism - Essay Example This discussion stresses that the dependency theory  refers to the model explaining the notion of flow of resources. According to this theory, resources flow from the boundary or the periphery of the undeveloped and poor countries to the center of the economically stable or the wealthy states enriching the developed countries at the expense of the weak states. Whereas the dependency theory originates from third world countries to explain the fate they suffer in the hands of the developed countries, Smith describes the neoliberalists as people from the economically stable nations concerned with the modern political economy. Neoliberalism refers to the modern political, the economic theory that favors free trade. Hays and David describe neoliberalism to favors the privatization of public organization with minimum government intervention in the commercial business. It is seen to advocates for a decrease in public expenditure on social services, On the other hand, is from the third wor ld countries, the dependency theory assumptions are based on these nations. They hold that countries that are more developed should play a part in improvising those countries that lie below in development. Their assumptions, therefore, focus on the capitalist approaches to break the development of these countries. Besides this theory hold a view of underdevelopment rather as a process as compared is to a stage. For these countries, under development forms a process to reach a full developmental goal or a full potential. Finally, the theorist holds that significant influence to the third world countries is by financial aid and subsidiaries. However, they not that foreign aid is never free rather it has some attached strings. This foreign aid most of the time form a debt trap for the developing countries.

PPM-PRINCE2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

PPM-PRINCE2 - Essay Example ect Brief Project Name: Date: Release: Draft/Final Author: Owner: Client: Document Number: Purpose: The main purpose of this Project Brief is to provide detailed explanation of the various elements of the implementation of the Customer Relationship Process within Huanghe Technology. Project Definition: Huanghe Technology currently requires a project which can help resolve the issues within the company. Here a Customer Relationship Management project is being proposed to meet the needs of the company. This project aims at integrating three main elements of the business, i.e. the Customer support, Sales Team and Technical Team. Further details of the project are presented below. Project Objectives: The main objectives of the project are as listed below: a) Development of an Enterprise Team to meet the needs of the business clients b) Development of a Core Technical Team to meet the technical needs of both business clients as well as the SOHO customers c) Development of the Core Sales t eam which will deal with the details of sales as well as the financial aspects of all customers d) Development of Customer Service Team to face customers and provide the necessary customer support e) Development of a central database to hold complete records of all the sales made via all the channels. This will include both retail as well as the direct channels. f) Finally, to implement an Information System and to integrate the four function groups, i.e. enterprise team, core sales, core technical team and the customer support teams. Project Scope: The project has a limited scope and it caters to the European markets. The system will be implemented in the Huanghe UK office. Constraints and Assumptions: There are two main assumptions and constraints in this project. Firstly, it is assumed that all the sales information from the retailers can be got and integrated to the information system on a daily basis. Secondly, it is assumed that the company will be willing to invest in the tec hnical development of the information systems. Outline Business Case: Huanghe Technology  has being receiving a number of complaints from the customers relating issues relating to the equipments not working from SOHO customers and also a number of calls being lost between the call centre and the sales teams. Also the SOHO customers have faced lack of technical support from the company. The company is currently being run in three separate parts which are each managed by different people and all act independently as separate units and with different operations culture. The main issue of the business clearly is a lack of integration among the three parts of the business. Here due to the lack of integration, the impact has been on the customers and the service provided to the customers. CRM Systems – Project Initiation Project Name: Date: Release: Draft/Final Author: Owner: Client: Document Number: Purpose: The Project Initiation document provides a clear view of the direction of the project as well as a clear view of the roles of the various individuals in the project. This helps in developing a strong and firm foundation for the proposal before the company can make any further commitments on the project. It also helps provide the users and interested parties with a clear and detailed view of what the project is about and also how the project will be managed.

The European Convention on Human Rights in Irish Law

The European Convention on Human Rights in Irish Law What is the status of the European Convention on Human Rights in Irish law? Does it differ from the status given to other international human rights treaties to which the State is a party? Cite relevant case law and academic commentary in support of your answer. Note: in your essay you should explain how the Convention operates in Irish law at a domestic and international level and examine to what extent, if any, Convention rights have been successfully invoked by claimants before the Irish courts. In 2003, the Irish parliament, the Oireachtas, passed the European Convention of Human Rights Act (ECHR). This act is in line with the Irish Constitution and domestic laws, as it prohibits particular government bodies from behaving in an unlawful manner that can interfere with any of the ECHR rights. The act demands that every organ of the State should perform its functions in a manner compatible with the States obligations under the Convention provisions. It also grants the Irish courts permission to hear any arguments about the ECHR in cases ahead them. The effect this act has is that it requires the Irish judiciary system to construe Irish legislation in a fashion that is in accordance with the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR). The purpose of the act is to guarantee that Irish law develops in a manner that will honour the personal rights and freedoms set down by the ECHR. The European Convention of Human Rights Act 2003, does not incorporate the ECHR rights into domestic Irish law, per say. The reason being that majority of the rights set out in the ECHR, have been available to the citizens of Ireland since the establishment of the 1937 Constitution. The ECHR sets out the minimum standard for the rights and allows each member state leeway to decide whether or not they want to raise that standard to a more stricter one in their individual countries. When making any decision regarding rights from the ECHR, the 2003 act requires the Irish judiciary to take judicial notice of provisions and decisions from the Convention. When dealing with proceedings related to the Convention, it is essential for the Irish courts to take due account of the principles laid down by those declarations, decisions, advisory opinions, opinions and judgments made by other jurisdictions that also operate with the ECHR. This means that ECHR judgements do not have any precedence on Irish courts when dealing with ECHR issues. In Foy v An, tà rdClà ¡raitheoir[1], McKechnie J. Clearly set out the status the Convention has in Ireland. He stated that: It is a misleading metaphor to say that the Convention was incorporated into domestic law. It was not. The rights contained in the Convention are now part of Irish law. They are so by reason of the Act of 2003. That is their source. Not the Convention. So it is only correct to say, as understood in this way, that the Convention forms part of our law. In the Supreme Court case, McD v L[2], the same view point was echoed by Murray CJ, in which he stated: Even though the contracting parties undertake to protect convention rights by national measures, the Convention does not purport to be directly applicable in the national legal systems of the high contracting parties. Nor does the Convention require those parties to incorporate the provisions of the Convention as part of its domestic law. So far as the Convention is concerned it is a matter for each contracting party to fulfil its obligations within the framework of its own constitution and laws. The Convention does not seek to harmonise the laws of the contracting states but seeks to achieve a minimum level of protection of the rights specified in the Convention leaving the states concerned to adopt a higher level of protection should they choose to do so. Once an interference with Convention rights is shown, it is for the State to bring itself within the limitations proscribed. Central to the ECtHR determination of rights claims will be the proportionality of the measures introduced by the Contracting State. Limitations to Convention rights are construed narrowly. 18 The Convention provides an important basis for protecting the rights of all persons in a State. While the rights protected in the Charter 19 are only addressed to the institutions, bodies and offices of the European Union, and to EU Member States when implementing EU law20 , there is no such limitation in the Convention. Everybody within the jurisdiction of a Contracting State enjoys the rights set forth in the Convention. http://humanrights.ie/constitution-of-ireland/irelands-relationship-with-the-echr-reflections-for-the-uk/ -acessed 6/3/17 at 21:47 http://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-AD(2014)036-e acessed 6/3/17 at 22:13 https://www.oireachtas.ie/parliament/media/housesoftheoireachtas/libraryresearch/spotlights/20160609_intlHR_spotlight_095201.pdf -acessed 6/3/17 at 22:30 file:///C:/Users/Owner/Downloads/ICCL_KYR_EURO_BW.pdf- acessed 6/3/17 at 22:54 [1] [2007] IEHC 470, 93 [2] McD v L [2010] 2 IR 199

The Impact of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Sports Essay -- Steroids

The Impact of Performance Enhancing Drugs on Sports One of the major issues in the news recently has been the use of performance enhancing substances in sports. This topic has been the subject of many front-page headlines in many publications, from sports magazines to newspapers. A recent scandal involving a San Francisco Bay Area laboratory, BALCO Laboratories, has brought this issue to the forefront, and it's really gotten a lot of attention because this case has led to a 42 count federal indictment by the U.S. Attorney General.[1] Another question can be asked as well: Should these performance-enhancing substances be allowed in sports? First of all, what exactly are performance-enhancing substances? They are just what they are called: substances that are used for enhancing performance. The use of these substances is of particular concern to agencies that govern sports, especially amateur sports. Some examples of performance enhancers that are used are anabolic steroids, stimulants, diuretics, and other alternatives. Steroids are chemicals that are typically produced by the human body as a way to regulate various bodily functions. Anabolic versions are used to increase muscle mass and endurance.[2] Unfortunately, steroid and drug use in sports is nothing new. Until 2003, the most famous case of steroid use probably occurred at the 1988 Olympic Games. Some of you may remember the 100-meter race between U.S. athlete Carl Lewis and Canadian athlete Ben Johnson. After the race had been run, with Johnson emerging as the winner, a drug test was taken by Johnson and it came out positive for steroids, meaning that he would have to forfeit his gold medal.[3] Another famous, and more recent, example occurred in 1... ...Chemist, 2003, ESPN 29 Feb 2004, http://espn.go.com/gen/news/2003/1112/1659917.html [11] Ashley 22. [12] ?U.S.: Drug Ring Aided Top Jocks,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Feb 2004:A1 [13] ?Drugs Involved In BALCO Case,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Feb 2004:A23. Both drugs named here are covered by this endnote. [14] ?Drugs Involved In BALCO Case,? San Francisco Chronicle 13 Feb 2004:A23. [15] United States Anti-Doping Agency. Guide to Prohibited Substances and Prohibited Methods of Doping. 2004. http://www.usantidoping.org/files/USADA_Guide.pdf [16] Rachels, John. ?The Elements of Moral Philosophy.? p. 92 [17] Rachels 108. [18] Kowalski 13. [19] Rachels 202. [20] Rachels 121. Also see Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals by Immanuel Kant, 1875. [21] Rachels 173-4. [22] Rachels 174. [23] Schnirring 16. [24] Schnirring 16.

“Organizations need strong leaders and a strong culture” Essay

In this essay, I am going to critically analyze the importance strong leaders coupled with a strong culture has within organizations. In doing so, the argument is built up of several contextual layers defining the significance that heavily immersed cultures along with well driven leaders has on the operational and interactional functioning’s of an organization but most importantly its employees. However first and foremost, it is believed that Post Bureaucratic management practices shape the construction of individual values and beliefs, ultimately depending on which cultural enrichment management will adopt. Furthermore, the abuse of power leaders may espouse may inflict adversarial repercussions upon the cultural framework embraced by the organization. Therefore this initiates a direct sequence of employees challenging De Facto power by engaging in managerial discourses, which repudiate against cultural structures, causing hierarchal movement. Whilst, firmly substantiating that strong culture’s lead by strong leaders build the inner mechanistic functioning of an organization, throughout this essay, in Section One I shall illustrate the importance of Post Bureaucratic mechanisms and the internal relationships they have with culture and leadership. Moreover in Section 2, I will attempt to expose how power is used as a possession, rather than a relationship between people. Lastly, in order to logically complete my argument, I will define how resistance is seen to be a ‘reactive process’ whereby people embedded in power relations actively oppose initiatives enacted by others (Jermier et all 1994:90) Section 1 It is believed that having such a widely shared integrative culture in organizations is often viewed as a panacea for management and a recipe for corporate success (Peter and Waterman 1982) In relation to this statement, a good culture coupled with a intuitive leader will only set out a positive regime of truth, that will undoubtedly allow the emergence of a cultural  landscape to ensure conformity is consistent to all who belong to the organization. In order to achieve such an ambition, organizations embrace Post Bureaucratic mechanisms, which are depicted as a set of normative controls that stress the importance of socialization, enculturation and identification with company objectives. (Josserand, Villesà ¨che, & Bardon 2012) However the most pressing point to highlight is the fact that Post Bureaucratic mechanisms heavily entail the involvement of cultural promotion, which further aims to propel culture onto center stage. Ultimately, this means that for people to function within any given setting they must have a continuing sense of what the reality surrounding them is about (Pettigrew 1979) Herein, this tells us that culture provides a source of organizational ‘common sense’, upon which members draw to when deciding where, when and how to act. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Therefore social interaction must be conceived as the negotiation of meaning, which inevitably formulates and continues the growth and extension of leadership abilities and culture amongst members of an organization. Moreover social interaction may also be characterized as an organization of instrumental relations, resulting in the formulation of various relations or relationships amongst not only members of an organization but also identification in a corporate alumni network. Hence, repetitive symbolic activities are drawn upon by organizations to maintain the stability of the social system, which has a fundamental obligation to create and recreate the system. (Rosen 1988) Making direct reference to Michel Rosen’s journal article: â€Å"You asked for it: Christmas at the Bosses Expense†, the use of ceremonies and rites, being the Christmas party encompasses a latent function, which directly aims to enable a state of partial suspension of normal structure relationships in which culture emerges as an organizing principle underlying agency membership. Lastly, despite Post Bureaucratic mechanisms promoting an enterprising culture, more importantly it imbues humanistic values of autonomy, flexibility, confidence and trust that ultimately carry the intent to urge employees to take on responsibilities (Josserand, Villesà ¨che, & Bardon 2012) However, it should be undoubtedly emphasized that managers must inhibit the appropriate leadership qualities that will enable themselves and employees  to share a common relationship, in turn directly allowing them to control and frame their subjectivity in order to align one another’s relevancies. Subsequently this is achieved through leaders identifying culture, as an asset to form a paternalistic relation with their employees, as such can be debated to ignite a desirable urge to be apart of the community the organization instills. Furthermore it should be accentuated that the â€Å"Path Goal Theory† of leadership, is imperative to a successful relationship between employer and employee. It is noted as the physiological and technical support that managers provide as leaders, which ultimately intends to motivate employees by helping them understand that their needs and expectations can be fulfilled through the performance of their jobs. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Section 2 In todays business realm the sociological treatment of power has the ability to perpetuate a substantial impact on the interrelation and operational processes of an organization. In support of this statement, it is elemental to treat power as a property of abstract systems, as its complexities must not only be precisely managed but also more importantly understood. Therefore it is clear that the conception of power has the capability to â€Å"make or break† an organization as Giddens argues that â€Å"the notion of power is logically tied to that of action, and in its widest sense, power refers simply to the ‘transformative capacity’ of human action†. (Knights & Roberts 1982) Given this fact, we are able to argue that power has the fortitude to develop, refine or revolutionize an organizational landscape. Accordingly it is paramount that power should be treated and only applied amongst the confinements of a relationship, rather than kept as a possession to an individual. It is this underlying complexity that sparks much conjecture throughout organizations and cultural foundations. Specifically, when power is treated as a possession the direct result is that of the ignition of conflict, which can be depicted as a threatening hazard that has the ascendency to topple even the most successful organizations throughout the world. Firstly it is important to point that the individualistic conception of power is concealed within managers in which it is defined as the way that resources of ownership and control are employed in attempt to coerce labor into compliance. (Knights & Roberts 1982) This is formally known as coercive power, which is understood to be the power someone has over another, ultimately meaning the denial or removal of individual choice. Furthermore coercion â€Å"requires the active submission of one person to another†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Russ 1980:7-11) as such a thought holds the aptitude to administer alarming repercussions throughout an organizations culture. This is largely due to the fact that â€Å"equal attempts at coercion may lead to more or overt forms of resistance† (Russ 1980:7-11), a discomforting scenario that will not only cause a severe backlash against the leadership circle, but also hold the potential to eclipse the current operational success of the business. Essentially, due to the low trust dynamics, a regressive spiral of attempted control and counter control (Fox 1974) will further impede negatively on the business, ultimately throwing the culture into an unhealthy state of affair and the leadership hub at risk of being overthrown. In addition, another essential point to mention is the affiliation the notion of mainstream culture has with coercive power. As stated above, the sociological treatment of power has the potential to inflict adversarial effects if not effectively managed by administrators of an organization. Alternatively, culture is believed to create consistency and reduce conflict. However coercive authority, contradicts the view of mainstream culture, as it arguably does the total opposite. If it is believed that if organizational structures, strategies, regulations and policies frame the behavioral intents of employees, then members who belong to a hierarchy dominated by coercive power, will not only reject to be consistent with company norms but also increase conflict. This is supported by the belief that culture brings people together: it ensures they all think alike, feel and act in relatively similar ways. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Similarly, also by correlating coercive power with mainstream cultures, it highlights the inadequate and defective leadership attributes it promotes. Cultural engineering is undertaken by senior management and disseminated  downward causing a spiral effect. (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) Therefore culture can be interpreted as a management ‘lever’, a means of ensuring organizational goals are instilled and accepted by its members through the allurement of its culture. (Brewis 2007) Essentially, to make leadership effective, a leader must undertake in authoritative power, which is a more realistic understanding of interdependence in organizations (Knights & Roberts 1982) What this means is that a mutual recognition of employer employee relations is shared, causing members to accept the advice and direction of others rather than opposing. A unique feature of the relationship is that authority cannot be imposed nor possessed, but exists only as a quality of the relationship. (Knights & Roberts 1982) However mutual manipulation may occur when someone attempts to elevate their power above the mutual trust, therefore implying it is imperative to maintain the reciprocal of rights. Lastly this has an overwhelming influence on the culture, as all participants obtain a sense of authority and belonging. Section 3 With regard to coercive power, and the debilitated ramifications it inflicts on an organization’s cultural arrangement, it can be condoned to believe that members will engage in more overt forms of resistance. Essentially, what this points out is the creativity of employees resisting increasing control of the labor processed by management (Prasad and Prasad 2000). Therefore resistance can be directly associated with defective leadership, as even though management believe they hold the right to produce the policies that â€Å"they† want, it doesn’t mean its members will agree. Given these facts, work groups use resistance to induce what they want, the indispensible adjustments required for relatively smooth and everyday functioning in the workshop. (Courpasson, Dany & Clegg 2011) More importantly, despite the act of resistance producing a common interest in opposition to management, it simultaneously results in more resistance (Burawoy 1982), clearing professing the viral empowerment it professes amongst members of an organization. Hence, this approach conceptualizes resistance as an irreducible opposition between members and management, clearly endangering the foundations of any cultural environment inhibited by an organization. Touching upon the previous paragraph, resistance is a direct result of the enmeshment of exploitative relations (Courpasson, Dany & Clegg 2011). More importantly, this allures members to engage in managerial discourses, which operate against the cultural and ideological controls that frame, a company (Thomas 2009) and craft new identities, which challenge De facto Power (Ewick and Silbey 2003). Ultimately this causes dysfunctional freezing of an organization, a direct cause of members participating in â€Å"distancing† themselves from the company’s ambitions and requisites until change has transpired. Nevertheless this can be seen to benefit the organization as a whole, as employees now have the capacity to accede their desires. In relation to culture, it is imperative that members concerns are meant in order to achieve optimum business success; therefore managers seek to secure compliance through meeting employee’s sentiments and desires. Subsequently, it is vital for cultures to obtain core values and presuppositions that are widely shared and acted on (Peter and Waterman 1982), however by managers thriving on the elevation of power and exploitation, it only contradicts what a good culture should be about by going against group norms. Drawing closely to theorists ideas, it is believed that â€Å"if you forged a strong culture that incorporate all organizational members in shared beliefs and commitments – everything else good, morale, performance and results should follow†(Peter and Waterman 1982), clearly exposing the importance of effective and understanding leadership. Lastly, it should be accentuated that improvement in productivity and quality would accrue when corporate cultures systematically align individuals with formal organizational goals (Peter and Waterman 1982), but arguably wont be reached if members are continually constrained by the corporation. Overall with all of the above being discussed, one could conclude that Human skill is a pre requisite of what a strong leader should acquire. An approved culture will only occur if everyone is integrated into one managerially designed structure and the result, a superior performance. However this is  can be deemed only attainable if leadership has the ability to work with people, meaning to be sensitive to the needs and motivations of others, and taking into account other needs in ones decision making (Clegg, Kornberger & Pitsis 2011) a clear contrary to what coercive power achieves. However, it could be argued that such leaders enjoy the hierarchal separation between themselves and lower level employees, as the process to both lead and yet also work alongside them is an ongoing struggle. Conclusion In summation, I have come to the conclusion that it is inevitable for an organization to parade operational success without some sort of formulation of a strong culture espoused with strong leadership. Despite Post Bureaucratic management practices shaping the construction of individual values and beliefs, I believe it is imperative for the leadership hub of any organization to be effectively aware of the on going relationship its shares with its members. For any organization to achieve corporate success the notion of culture should be heavily identified and all components that it contains must be exercised accordingly. Ultimately, if managements leadership qualities are deemed to be strong, the culture constructed must comprise a set of deep, basic assumptions and beliefs as well as shared values, which will enable members to attain a sense of not only identity but also more importantly provide them with heterogeneous ways of making decisions. Therefore bringing my essay to a close, it should not be forgone that an organization requires a strong culture and strong leadership. Reference List Articles 1. Burawoy, M. 2001. Donald Roy: Sociologist and working stiff. Contemporary Sociol. 30(5) 453-458 2. Courpasson, D., Dany, F. and Clegg, S. (2011) Resisters at Work: Generating Productive Resistance in the Workplace,  Organization Science, Articles in Advance: 1–19. 3. Ewick, P., S. Rayner, eds. (2003) Narrating social structure: Stories of resistance to legal authority. Amer. J. Social. 108(6) 1328-1372. 4. Fox, A. (1974) Beyond Contract: work, power and trust relationships. London: Faber 5. Josserand, E., Villesà ¨che, F. Bardon, T., (2012) Being an active member of a corporate alumni network: a critical appraisal, pp. 31-55 6. Knights, D. and Roberts, J. (1982) The power of organisation or the organisation of power? Organisation Studies, 3(1): 47-63 7. Prasad, P. A. Prasad. (2000) Stretching the iron cage: The constitution and implications of routine workplace resistance. Organ. Sci. 11(4) 387 – 403 8. Russ, V., (1980) Positive and negative power; thoughts of the dialectics of power, Organizational studies 1/1:3-20 9. Rosen, M. (1988) You asked for it: Christmas at the bosses expense, Journal of Management Studies, 25(5): 463-480. Books 1. Brewis, J. (2007) Culture in Knights, D. and Willmott, H. (eds), Introducing Organizational Behaviour Management, Australia Thompson: 344-374. 2. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., and Pitsis, T. (2011) Managing & Organisations: An Introduction to †¨Theory and Practice, 3rd Edition, London, Sage (Chapter 6), pp. 224 3. Clegg, S., Kornberger, M., and Pitsis, T. (2011) Managing & Organisations: An Introduction to †¨Theory and Practice, London, Sage (Chapter 4), pp. 133 4. Jermier, J. M., D. Knights, W. R. Nord, eds (1994) Power in organzations. Routledge, New York. 5. Thomas, R. (2009) Critical management studies on identity: Mapping the terrain. M. Alvesson, T. Bridgman, H. Willmott eds. The Oxford Handbook of Critical management studies. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 166-186 6. Peter, T. J., & Waterman, R.H. (1982) In Search for excellence: Lessons from Americas best-run companies. Warner Book, New York.